DYNAMICAL REGULATION METHOD OF MECHANICAL ENERGY HARVESTING
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摘要:机械能量采集是将环境中分散和无序的低品质高熵机械能转换为电能, 可以为广泛分布的传感器等低功耗电子器件供电实现自供能物联网, 具有灵活、便捷、可持续和零碳环保的优势, 能够广泛应用于生态环境监测、基础设施健康状态监测和设备状态监测等, 是国际前沿研究热点. 但是, 目前机械能量采集存在输出功率低、工作频带窄、低频效果差、环境适应性差和可靠性低等制约其实际应用的关键难题. 机械能量采集动力学调控方法能够改善机械能量采集系统的动力学性能, 使其与特定的环境激励相匹配, 提升系统的输出电学性能. 文章构建了机械能量采集动力学调控方法体系, 包括激励调制、非线性系统、多自由度系统、自适应控制和策略调控等方法; 论述了动力学调控方法的最新研究进展, 包括每类动力学调控方法的特点和典型设计; 最后, 总结了动力学调控方法的关键挑战, 并预测了未来发展方向. 为机械能量采集系统适应复杂环境激励提供了新的动力学调控视角, 有益于促进机械能量采集理论与技术的发展.Abstract:Mechanical energy harvesting is a process of converting the scattered, disordered, low-quality, and high entropy mechanical energy from the environment into electrical energy. It enables self-powered IoT by powering low-power electronic devices such as widely distributed sensors. Mechanical energy harvesting exhibits the merits of flexible, convenient, sustainable, zero carbon, and environmental-friendly. It has become an international frontier research hotspot and can be widely applied in natural environment monitoring, infrastructure condition monitoring, equipment condition monitoring, etc. However, key issues are restricting the practical application of mechanical energy harvesting, such as low output power, narrow working frequency band, poor low-frequency effect, poor environmental adaptability, and low reliability. The dynamic regulation method for mechanical energy harvesting has the potential to enhance the performance of such systems by tailoring them to specific environmental stimuli and improving their output electrical performance. This paper constructs a dynamic regulation methodology system including excitation regulation, nonlinear systems, multi-degree of freedom systems, adaptive control and strategy regulation. The latest advancements in dynamic regulation methods has been discussed, including the characteristics and typical designs of each type of dynamic regulation method. Finally, the main challenges faced by dynamic regulation methods were summarized and the development trends were discussed. This paper provides a new perspective for adaptive dynamic regulation of mechanical energy harvesting systems in complex environments, which is beneficial for promoting the development of mechanical energy harvesting theory and technology.
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图 2流体运动转换为机械运动的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)水流能转换为旋转运动[20], (b)风能转换为振动(驰振)[24], (c)风能转换为振动(颤振)[25], (d)风能转换为旋转和振动[27]
Figure 2.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems for converting fluid motion into mechanical motion: (a) convert water flow energy into rotary motion[20], (b) convert wind energy into vibration (galloping)[24], (c) convert wind energy into vibration (flutter)[25], (d) convert wind energy into rotation and vibration[27]
图 3不可控运动形式转换为可控作用力的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)杠铃式压电堆叠振动能量采集系统[28], (b)抗冲击式压电能量采集系统[30], (c)磁力耦合钹形振动能量采集系统[33]
Figure 3.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems for converting uncontrollable motion forms into controllable forces: (a) barbell-shaped piezoelectric stacking vibration energy harvesting system[28], (b) impact resistant piezoelectric energy harvesting system[30], (c) magnetic coupling cymbal unit vibration energy harvesting system[33]
图 4往复运动转换为旋转/滚动运动的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)往复运动转换为双向旋转[34], (b), (c)往复运动转换为单向旋转[36-37], (d)往复运动转换为滚压运动[39]
Figure 4.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems for converting reciprocating motion into rotation/rolling: (a) convert reciprocating motion into bidirectional rotation[34], (b) and (c) convert reciprocating motion into unidirectional rotation[36-37], (d) convert reciprocating motion to rolling-depression motion[39]
图 5旋转/滚动运动转换为振动的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)利用重力将旋转运动转换为振动[40], (b)利用磁力将旋转运动转换为振动[44], (c)滚动转换为振动[45], (d)利用拨动力将旋转运动转换为振动[46]
Figure 5.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems for converting rotation/rolling into vibration: (a) convert rotation into vibration by gravity[40], (b) convert rotation into vibration by magnetic force[44], (c) convert rolling into vibration[45], (d) convert rotation motion into vibration by plucking force[46]
图 6激励频率提升的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)齿轮组升频机制[47], (b)机械拨动升频机制[50], (c)机械碰撞升频机制[51], (d)磁增频转换器机制[53], (e)栅盘式结构升频机制[56]
Figure 6.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems using excitation frequency-up conversion: (a) gear set frequency-up mechanism[47], (b) mechanical plucking frequency-up mechanism[50], (c) mechanical collision frequency-up mechanism[51], (d) magnetic frequency-up converter mechanism[53], (e) segmentally structured disk frequency-up mechanism[56]
图 7激励力放大的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)压电堆弯张放大结构[61], (b)双向两级放大型弯张结构[63], (c)高效压缩模式压电能量采集器[65], (d)杠杆原理用于激励力放大[73]
Figure 7.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems using excitation force amplification: (a) piezoelectric stack flextensional structure[61], (b) two-directional two-stage amplified flextensional structure[63], (c) high efficiency compression mode energy harvester[65], (d) lever mechanism for excitation force amplification[73]
图 8基于非线性磁力调控的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)双稳态系统[82], (b)非线性磁力升频系统[85], (c)复合型多稳态振动能量采集系统[86], (d)旋转多稳态系统[88]
Figure 8.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems using nonlinear magnetic regulation: (a) bistable system[82], (b) nonlinear magnetic frequency-up system[85], (c) hybrid multistable vibration energy harvesting system[86], (d) multistable rotating energy harvesting system[88]
图 9基于内共振原理的典型动力学调控能量采集系统
Figure 9.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems using internal resonance principle
图 10基于非线性几何结构的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a) 三弹簧双稳态准零刚度系统[99], (b) X型结构[102], (c) 锥形弹簧系统[105], (d) 多稳态正交平面柔顺机构[106], (e) 屈曲梁系统[109], (f) 柔性边界系统[111]
Figure 10.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems based on nonlinear geometry: (a) three spring bistable quasi-zero-stiffness system[99], (b) X-shaped structure[102], (c) tapered spring system[105], (d) multistable compliant orthoplanar spring mechanism[106], (e) buckling beam system[109], (f) flexible stopper system[111]
图 11基于阵列结构多自由度系统的典型动力学调控能量采集系统
Figure 11.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems based on array structure multi-DOF system
图 12基于耦合多自由度系统的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a) 振动−风能复合能量采集系统[118], (b) 梳状梁风能采集系统[119],(c) 2-DOF电磁能量采集系统[120], (d) 磁力调控2-DOF系统[124], (e) 超材料系统[125]
Figure 12.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems based on coupled multi-DOF system: (a) vibration-wind energy harvesting system[118], (b) comb-like beam based wind energy harvesting system[119], (c) 2-DOF electromagnetic energy harvesting system[120], (d) magnetic regulation 2-DOF system[124], (e) metamaterial system[125]
图 13基于自适应调控的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)扭转结构和棘轮系统[128], (b)自适应调整固有频率系统[135], (c)离心力自适应控制系统[138]
Figure 13.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems based on adaptive regulation: (a) twist rod and ratchet system[128], (b) adaptive natural frequency adjustment system[135], (c) centrifugal force adaptive control system[138]
图 14基于策略调控的典型动力学调控能量采集系统: (a)飞轮储能策略[140], (b)平面涡卷弹簧储能与擒纵机构配合策略[145], (c)电荷泵浦策略[149], (d)引入相位延迟的非线性电路系统[151]
Figure 14.Typical dynamic regulation energy harvesting systems based on strategy regulation: (a) flywheel energy storage strategy[140], (b) hair spring energy storage strategy and escapement mechanism[145], (c) charge pumping strategy[149], (d) nonlinear circuit system with phase delay[151]
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