RESEARCH ON QUASI-ZERO-STIFFNESS-ENABLED PIEZOELECTRIC LOW-FREQUENCY VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING METHOD
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摘要: 如何高效且经济环保地为数以万计的传感器网络节点供电, 是物联网快速发展和大范围应用的瓶颈性难题. 将振动能转换为电能以实现传感器自供电是物联网传感器网络节点供能的潜在方案. 但是, 环境振动中低频成分占比较大, 而传统振动能量采集方法较难实现低频( < 10 Hz)振动能量的高效转化, 这限制了振动能量采集技术在物联网领域的大范围应用. 文章提出了一种准零刚度驱动式压电振动能量采集装置, 可将环境、人体及部分机械设备的低频振动能量高效地转化为电能. 首先利用能量法得到压电俘能单元的机电耦合方程, 并用谐波平衡法获得系统动力学及电学响应的解析表达式, 同时对比了数值解与解析表达式的结果; 进一步探究了阻尼比、激励幅值等参数对动力学响应及电学输出的影响. 最后加工制备了准零刚度驱动式压电振动能量采集装置样机, 搭建了实验平台, 测试了系统的动力学响应与电学输出, 验证了理论结果的正确性. 研究结果显示当频率为2.5 Hz时, 准零刚度驱动式压电振动能量采集装置中单个能量转化单元的最大峰值电压达到25 V. 文章提出的准零刚度压电能量采集装置有望克服传统共振型压电能量采集装置能量采集频带依赖于能量采集系统固有频率以及多稳态能量采集器需要跨越势垒而难以实现超低频小幅值能量俘获的难题, 进一步夯实振动能量采集理论, 为超低频小振幅振动能量的高效采集提供新思路.Abstract: The bottleneck in the rapid development and widespread deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) is how to power tens of thousands of sensor network nodes in an efficient and cost-effective way. The conversion of vibration energy into electrical energy for self-powering of the sensor is a very feasible solution. However, low-frequency components make up a large proportion of environmental vibrations, and traditional vibration energy harvesting methods have difficulty in efficiently converting low-frequency ( < 10 Hz) vibration energy, which limits the widespread use of vibration energy harvesting technology in the field of IoT. In this paper, a quasi-zero-stiffness-enabled piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (QZSE-EH) is proposed for the harvesting of the ultra-low frequency energy from the environment, human body and some mechanical devices. At first, the electromechanical coupling equation of the energy conversion unit is obtained by using the energy method, and the dynamic and electrical response equations are solved by using the harmonic balance method. The effect of the damping ratio and the excitation amplitude is explored by means of the results of the analytical solution. Finally, a prototype of the QZSE-EH was fabricated and the experiment was carried out to verify the correctness of the dynamic and electrical output response of the system. The results show that when the frequency is 2.5 Hz, the maximum peak voltage of a single energy conversion unit in the QZSE-EH reaches 25 V. The QZSE-EH proposed in this paper is expected to overcome the problem that the operating bandwidth of conventional resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters depends on the natural frequency, and the multi-stable energy harvesters are unable to cross the barrier, making ultra-low frequency and low-amplitude energy harvesting extremely difficult. This paper provides a new idea for the efficient harvesting of ultra-low frequency and low-amplitude vibration energy, and can further consolidate the theory of vibration energy harvesting.
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图 3 回复力和机电耦合系数的原函数和拟合函数图($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$, $ \theta = 0.21 $,$ A = 0.17 $,$ B = 0.{\text{25}} $)
Figure 3. The original function and polynomial approximation diagram of restoring force and electromechanical coupling coefficient ($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$, $ \theta = 0.21 $,$ A = 0.17 $,$ B = 0.{\text{25}} $)
图 4 数值结果与解析解结果对比($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$, $ \zeta = 0.055 $, $ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $, u0 = 0.03)
Figure 4. Comparison of numerical results and analytical results ($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$,$ \zeta = 0.055 $, $ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $, u0 = 0.03)
图 5 阻尼对位移及电压响应的影响($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$,$ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $, u0 = 0.03)
Figure 5. Influence of damping on displacement and voltage response ($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$,$ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $, u0 = 0.03)
图 6 激励幅值对位移和输出电压响应的影响($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$,$ \zeta = 0.055 $, $ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $)
Figure 6. Influence of excitation amplitude on displacement and output voltage ($\gamma = 1.56{\text{2 5}}$,$ \zeta = 0.055 $, $ \rho = 2 $,$ \theta = 0.21 $)
图 8 不同激励幅值下绝对位移响应与峰值电压的输出结果
Figure 8. Output results of absolute displacement response and peak voltage under different excitation amplitudes
图 9 在2.5 Hz时, 不同激励幅值的位移时域响应曲线
Figure 9. The displacement time-domain response curve with different excitation amplitude at 2.5 Hz
表 1 模型的相关物理参数
Table 1. Relevant parameters of the prototype
Item Symbol Value thickness of the beam bp 10 mm thickness of the film hp 0.1 mm weight of proof mass m 200 g elastic moduli of the beam Ys 196 GPa elastic moduli of the film Yp 3 GPa permittivity constant of the film h33 106 mF/m piezoelectric stress constant e31 65 mC/m2 
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